Human Resource Management in the Gig Economy: towards a new configuration?

The context of the Gig Economy involves a break in the standard employment relationship between employees and employer; and a questioning of the role of Human Resources management (HR) in charge of managing this link. This article aims to analyse the role and configuration of HR management in the context of the Gig Economy From the contingent configurational approach, the way in which HR practices are combined and configured to contribute to performance and manage the relationship with the individuals who participate in this economy is argued. It is found that the labour relationship between companies and gig workers is characterized by being transactional and symbiotic based on the utilitarian premise of mutual benefit. For this reason, for this context, an HR configuration oriented towards the market or maximizing productivity and the fulfilment of agreements would predominate. JEL CLASSIFICATION J0I; J2I; MI2

O contexto da Gig Economy implica uma ruptura da relação de emprego padrão entre empregados e empregador e um questionamento do papel da gestão de Recursos Humanos (RH) no gerenciamento desse vínculo. Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar o papel e a configuração da GRH no contexto da Gig Economy. A partir de uma abordagem configuracional contingente, ele argumenta como as práticas de RH são combinadas e configuradas para contribuir para o desempenho e gerenciar o relacionamento com os indivíduos que participam dessa economia. O estudo conclui que a relação de emprego entre as empresas e os trabalhadores autônomos é caracterizada como transacional e simbiótica, com base na premissa utilitarista do benefício mútuo. Assim, nesse contexto, predominaria uma configuração de RH orientada para o mercado ou para maximizar a produtividade e o cumprimento de acordos. CLASSIFICAÇÃO JEL J01; J21; M12

El contexto de la Gig Economy supone una ruptura de la relación laboral estándar entre empleados y empleador; y un cuestionamiento sobre la función de la gestión de Recursos Humano (RR.HH.) encargada de gestionar dicho vínculo. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la función y configuración de la gestión de RR.HH. en el contexto de la Gig Economy. Desde el enfoque configuracional contingente se argumenta el modo en el que las prácticas de RR.HH. se combinan y configuran para aportar al desempeño y gestionar el relacionamiento con los individuos que participan de esta economía. Se encuentra que la relación laboral entre las empresas y los trabajadores gig se caracteriza por ser transaccional y simbiótica basada en la premisa utilitaria del beneficio mutuo. Por ello, para este contexto predominaría una configuración de RR.HH. orientada hacia el mercado o en maximizar la productividad, y al cumplimiento de acuerdos. CLASIFICACIÓN JEL J0I; J2I; MI2

Prácticas de cuidado y promoción de salud mental en una cooperativa de trabajo de la cárcel de máxima seguridad de Batán, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. El caso de la Cooperativa Liberté

En el presente trabajo se analizarán los resultados parciales de una investigación en curso "Proceso de construcción de una cooperativa en la cárcel de máxima seguridad de Batán: contexto, actores, facilitadores y obstáculos. El caso de la Cooperativa Liberté" en el marco de la Especialización en Gestión de la Economía Social y Solidaria de la Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. La experiencia de la Cooperativa Liberté permite dar cuenta de la relación existente entre el cooperativismo y la promoción de salud/salud mental. Identificaremos a lo largo del trabajo, el modo en que las asociaciones solidarias - mediante la construcción de ciudadanía e identidades con sentido de comunidad -, posibilitan escenarios creativos para el cuestionamiento de contextos opresores y la construcción de posibilidades de acciones colectivas, aspectos centrales para la promoción de la salud mental. Metodológicamente se trabajó con análisis de documentos y registros, observación participante con triangulación de fuentes. Se realizó un análisis de fuentes secundarias (materiales escritos y audiovisuales elaborados por la propia cooperativa), observación participante y registros de diferentes actividades llevadas adelante por la cooperativa, y entrevistas a informantes claves.

No presente trabalho serão analisados os resultados parciais de uma pesquisa em andamento no âmbito da Especialização em Gestão da Economia Social e Solidária da Universidade Nacional de Quilmes. A experiência da Cooperativa Liberté permite compreender a relação entre o cooperativismo e a promoção da saúde/saúde mental. Ao longo do trabalho, identificaremos a forma como as associações solidárias - através da construção de cidadania e de identidades com sentido de comunidade - possibilitam cenários criativos para o questionamento de contextos opressivos e a construção de possibilidades de ações coletivas, aspectos centrais para a promoção de saúde mental. Metodologicamente, trabalhamos com análise de documentos e registros, observação participante com triangulação de fontes. Foi realizada análise de fontes secundárias (materiais escritos e audiovisuais elaborados pela própria cooperativa), observação participante e registros de diversas atividades realizadas pela cooperativa e entrevistas com informantes-chave.

This paper will analyze the partial results of an ongoing research within the framework of the Specialization in Management of the Social and Solidarity Economy of the National University of Quilmes. The experience of the Liberté Cooperative allows us to understand the relationship between cooperativism and health promotion/mental health. Throughout the articule, we will identify the way in which solidarity associations - through the construction of citizenship and identities with a sense of community - enable creative scenarios for the questioning of oppressive contexts and the construction of possibilities for collective actions, central aspects for mental health promotion. Methodologically, we worked with analysis of documents and records, participant observation with triangulation of sources. An analysis of secondary sources was carried out (written and audiovisual materials prepared by the cooperative itself), participant observation and records of different activities carried out by the cooperative, and interviews with key informants.

Economia solidária e produção de arte/cultura como potência de promoção de saúde mental

O artigo aborda a articulação entre a saúde mental, as práticas econômicas solidárias e a produção de arte e cultura, na perspectiva das potencialidades que tal complexidade apresenta. A arte é tanto veículo para a promoção de uma subjetividade mais autônoma, como para gerar valor econômico para os usuários. Observou-se, através de pesquisa qualitativa de inspiração etnográfica, o significativo poder de mediação relacional que tinha a produção artístico-cultural nos empreendimentos econômicos solidários pesquisados, servindo também como elemento de politização, participação e ocupação da cidade.

El artículo discute la articulación entre salud mental, prácticas económicas solidarias y producción de arte y cultura, desde la perspectiva de las potencialidades que presenta tal complejidad. El arte es tanto un vehículo para promover una subjetividad más autónoma como para generar valor económico para los usuarios. Se observó, a través de una investigación cualitativa de inspiración etnográfica, el significativo poder de mediación relacional que tuvo la producción artístico-cultural en los emprendimientos económicos solidarios investigados, sirviendo también como elemento de politización, participación y ocupación de la ciudad.

The article approaches the articulation between mental health, solidary economic practices and the production of culture and the arts, in the perspective of the potentialities that such complexity presents. Art is both a vehicle for promoting a more autonomous subjectivity, as for generating economic value to the users. It was observed, through ethnographic qualitative research, the significant power of relational mediation that artistic-cultural production had in the researched enterprises, also serving as an element of politicization, participation and occupation of the city.

Tabaco y tabaquismo en Cuba: de la economía agrícola a la economía de la salud

El consumo de cigarrillos y tabacos crea una externalidad que tiene mayor relevancia en el detrimento de la calidad de vida y de la expectativa de vida que experimenta el individuo fumador con relación a los que no consumen cigarrillos o tabacos. el costo psicosocial no cuantificado de forma financiera supera con creces cualquier expectativa de beneficio económico. El presente artículo versa en torno al impacto socioeconómico del tabaquismo en Cuba. La distribución económica inducida por el tabaquismo conlleva a la persistencia de una inequidad socioeconómica tal, que se agudiza con el número de fumadores y la intensidad del consumo de cigarrillos y tabáquico. Este fenómeno contradice el principio socialista de distribución con arreglo al trabajo, donde los no fumadores no deberían cargar con las consecuencias del tabaquismo y los propios fumadores no deberían ser inducidos a persistir en el consumo tabáquico. La sutileza de los costos sociales atribuibles al tabaquismo y el impacto de los beneficios del comercio interior y exterior, no permiten valorar en su completa dimensión los principales efectos del tabaquismo desde el aspecto socioeconómico.

The cigarettes and tobacco consumption creates an externality that is more relevant in the detriment of the life quality and life expectancy experienced by the individual smoker, in relation to those who do not consume cigarettes or tobacco. The psychosocial cost not financially quantified far exceeds any expectation of economic benefit. This article deals with the socioeconomic impact of smoking in Cuba. The economic distribution induced by smoking leads to the persistence of such socioeconomic inequity, which worsens with the number of smokers and the intensity of cigarette and tobacco consumption. This phenomenon contradicts the socialist principle of distribution according to work, where non-smokers should not bear the consequences of smoking and smokers themselves should not be induced to persist in smoking. The subtlety of the social costs attributable to smoking and the impact of the benefits of domestic and foreign trade do not allow a full assessment of the main effects of smoking from the socioeconomic aspect.

Global financial crisis and musculoskeletal pain: systematic review / Crise financeira mundial e dores musculoesqueléticas: revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In recent history, major catastrophes are followed by economic crisis, which are commonly succeeded by high levels of psychological stress related to financial hardships. The relationship between this financial stress (FS) and musculoskeletal pain (MP) is not elucidated. The aim of this systematic review was to critically evaluate the evidence of the relationship between these financial difficulties and MP. METHODS: A comprehensive search was conducted on the following databases: Medline, LILACS, Scielo and PsycINFO. Studies included were observational, among adults, measuring FS and its association with MP worsening or development, recruiting participants or data from any setting, and providing outcome data for at least one pain outcome measure. RESULTS: 445 potentially relevant citations was identified, which included 438 unique citations, 419 of which did not meet inclusion criteria. Final search included nine studies. The most frequent pain types reported were low back pain and neck pain. Descriptions of financial stress varied. Overall, exposure to financial stress was determined according to some difficulty in relation to afford necessities. All studies, except one, found significant associations between some type of MP and FS. CONCLUSION: This systematic review brought the available data on the relationship between FS and MP. It is possible to state that there is reasonable evidence of FS as a strong predictor for the onset of MP. It is necessary to be aware of this issue when dealing with pain patients during the current humanitarian crisis.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Na história recente, grandes catástrofes são seguidas de crises econômicas, que comumente são acompanhadas por altos níveis de estresse psicológico relacionado a dificuldades financeiras. A relação entre esse estresse financeiro (EF) e a dor musculoesquelética (DME) não está elucidada. O objetivo desta revisão sistemática foi avaliar criticamente as evidências da relação entre tais dificuldades financeiras e a DME. MÉTODOS: Uma busca abrangente foi realizada nas seguintes bases de dados: Medline, LILACS, Scielo e PsycINFO. Os estudos incluídos foram observacionais, entre adultos, aferindo o EF e sua associação com a piora ou desenvolvimento de uma DME, recrutando participantes ou dados de qualquer ambiente, e fornecendo dados de resultado para ao menos uma medida de resultado de dor. RESULTADOS: Foram identificadas 445 citações potencialmente relevantes, que incluíram 438 citações únicas, 419 das quais não atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. A pesquisa final incluiu 9 estudos. Os tipos de dor mais frequentes relatados foram lombalgia e cervicalgia. Descrições de estresse financeiro variaram. No geral, a exposição ao estresse financeiro foi determinada de acordo com alguma dificuldade em relação às necessidades de pagamento. Todos os estudos, exceto um, encontraram associações significativas entre algum tipo de DME e EF. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo trouxe os dados disponíveis sobre a relação entre EF e DME. É possível afirmar que há razoável evidência do EF como um forte preditor para o aparecimento de DME. É preciso estar ciente dessa questão ao lidar com pacientes com dor durante a atual crise humanitária.

Cuarto de vuelta a la tuerca: trabajo y socialización en Freud / Advance a little further: work, market, and socialization in Freud / Uma nova reviravolta: trabalho, mercado e socialização em Freud

Pese a las críticas más férreas y actuales por parte de muchas de las disciplinas psi al psicoanálisis insisto en que Freud no está superado. En este artículo intento una aproximación subversiva a la lectura de Freud focalizándola en sus desarrollos respecto del trabajo y la pulsión. Matizando un recorrido puntual por algunos de sus escritos propiamente psicoanalíticos intento rescatar la importancia del concepto de trabajo en la obra de Freud para poder delimitar la necesidad no sólo de un retorno a Freud sino de una lectura económica más allá de la conocida tópica freudiana. Es decir, el concepto de trabajo y de fuerza se encuentran en muchos de los escritos centrales del pensamiento freudiano y por eso es posible hacer una nueva relación entre Freud y Marx. El recorrido por el pensamiento freudiano retoma postulados referentes al trabajo de sueño y de chiste mediante los mecanismos de condensación y desplazamiento y, ulteriormente, recupera la relación entre fuerza y pulsión para poder matizar una respuesta radical desde el pensamiento freudiano a los embates del sistema capitalista. Para esto a lo largo del escrito abordo la noción de socialización a modo de bisagra que permite hilvanar la noción de trabajo en Freud.

Beyond the strongest and most current criticism from many of the psi disciplines to psychoanalysis, I insist that Freud is not overcome. In this article, I try a subversive approach to Freud's work focusing on his developments regarding work and drive. By clarifying a timely tour of his proper psychoanalytic writings, I tried to rescue the importance of the concept of work in Freud's work in order to delimit the need not only for a return to Freud but for an economic reading beyond the well-known Freudian topic. That is, the concept of work and strength are found in many of the central writings of Freudian thought and that is why it is possible to make a new relationship between Freud and Marx. In this sense, Freudian thought takes up postulates referring to dream and joke, work through the mechanisms of condensation and displacement, and recovers the relationship between force and drive to qualify a radical response from Freudian thought to the onslaught of the capitalist system. For this purpose, across this paper, I try to articulate the notion of socialization as a hinge that allows us to combine with Freud's work concept.

Apesar das críticas mais ferozes e atuais da psicanálise por muitas das disciplinas psi, insisto que Freud não é superado. Neste artigo, tento uma abordagem subversiva da leitura de Freud, concentrando-se em seus desenvolvimentos em relação ao trabalho e à pulsão. Ao qualificar um tour preciso de seus escritos propriamente psicanalíticos, tento resgatar a importância do conceito de trabalho na obra de Freud, a fim de delimitar a necessidade não apenas de um retorno a Freud, mas de uma leitura econômica além do conhecido tema freudiano. Ou seja, o conceito de trabalho e força são encontrados em muitos dos escritos centrais do pensamento freudiano é por isso que é possível estabelecer uma relação entre Freud e Marx. A jornada pelo pensamento freudiano retoma postulados referentes ao trabalho dos sonhos e chiste através dos mecanismos de condensação e deslocamento e, posteriormente, recupera a relação entre força e pulsão, a fim de qualificar uma resposta radical do pensamento freudiano aos embates do sistema capitalista. Para isso, ao longo da redação, trato da noção de socialização como uma dobradiça que nos permite unir a noção de trabalho em Freud.

Utilization and influencing factors of whole lung lavage for patients with pneumoconiosis in Chinese mainland from 2018 to 2021 / 中国职业医学

Objective: To evaluate the utilization and influencing factors of whole lung lavage (WLL) for patients with pneumoconiosis. Methods: A total of 10 524 pneumoconiosis patients who sought medical treatment from 2018 to 2021 were selected as the research subjects using a combination of stratified random sampling and non-random sampling methods. The patients were from 27 provincial administrative regions of Chinese mainland (excluding Shanghai City, Tianjin City, Hainan Province and Tibet Autonomous Region). The effects of demographic and sociological characteristics, disease-related factors, and economic and social security status on WLL utilization were analyzed. Results: The WLL rate of pneumoconiosis patients was 17.8% (1 871/10 524). The main reason for promoting WLL in pneumoconiosis patients was “doctor's advice”, accounting for 65.4%； followed by “known-pneumoconiosis-patients had WLL” and “patient's recommendation”, accounting for 24.1% and 18.1%, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age, body mass index, smoking index, education level, survey area, source of patients, current employment status, nature of dust-exposed unit, stage of pneumoconiosis, type of pneumoconiosis, pneumoconiosis symptoms (coughing up phlegm, chest pain, dyspnea, joint pain), contraindications to WLL (tuberculosis, pulmonary heart disease), family annual income, medical insurance for urban employees, proportion of medical insurance reimbursement, disability benefits, and social assistance were the influencing factors of WLL utilization in pneumoconiosis patients (all P<0.05). Conclusion: A large proportion of pneumoconiosis patients used WLL. The influencing factors of WLL utilization included demographic and sociological characteristics, disease-related factors, economic and social security status, and more. It is necessary to protect the interests of pneumoconiosis patients, strengthen occupational health education and health promotion for pneumoconiosis patients, standardize the use of WLL in medical institutions, and make rational use of WLL.

Retrospective cohort study on the efficacy of methotrexate combined with mifepristone in the treatment of ectopic pregnancy / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To investigate the efficacy of Methotrexate （MTX） injection combined with Mifepristone tablets in the treatment of ectopic pregnancy. METHODS A retrospective cohort study method was used to collect data on patients with ectopic pregnancy who visited the Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University from January 1， 2013 to December 31， 2021. Control group was given MTX injection alone， and exposure group was given MTX injection combined with Mifepristone tablets. Baseline variables were balanced between the two groups using a propensity score matching （PSM）， and the outcomes of the matched cohorts were compared. RESULTS A total of 125 patients were included， involving 68 in the control group and 57 in the exposure group. After PSM， 46 cases in each group were successfully matched. There was no significant difference in the treatment response rate and the incidence of adverse drug reaction （ADR） between the exposure group and the control group， which were 73.91% and 63.04%， 21.74% and 13.04% （P＞0.05）. Compared with before treatment， serum levels of β-HCG were all significantly decreased in 2 groups after treatment （P＜0.05）； there was no significant difference in the serum level of β-HCG after treatment， the time to return to normal， the interval time of second pregnancy， second ectopic pregnancy and second intrauterine pregnancy between 2 groups （P＞0.05）. The mean diameter difference of B-ultrasound pregnancy mass before and after treatment， duration of clinical symptom remission and length of hospital stay in the exposure group were significantly higher than those in the control group （P＜ 0.05）， but drug costs during hospitalization and total hospitalization costs were not significantly increased （P＞0.05）. There were no significant difference between single-dose group and multi-dose group of MTX in the treatment response rate and the incidence of ADR （P＞0.05）. The hospitalization time， drug cost and total cost of the single dose group were significantly less than those of the multi-dose group （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS MTX injection combined with or without Mifepristone tablet can both effectively treat ectopic pregnancy， with comparable efficacy and safety. MTX single-dose regimen is similar to the multi-dose regimen in efficacy， but the multi-dose regimen increases the hospital stay and hospitalization costs.

Clinical Comprehensive Evaluation of Qianlieping Capsules in Treatment of Chronic Prostatitis with Stagnant Dampness-heat Syndrome / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo explore the comprehensive clinical value of Qianlieping capsules in the treatment of chronic prostatitis with damp-heat stasis syndrome， and to provide evidence for the decision-making of clinical basic drug management. MethodBased on the "Guidelines for Comprehensive Clinical Evaluation of Drugs （Trial Version 2021）"， this study systematically reviewed the existing research on the treatment of chronic prostatitis with damp-heat stasis syndrome by Qianlieping capsules. Based on evidence-based medicine， clinical epidemiology， clinical medicine， evidence-based pharmacy， pharmacoeconomics， health statistics， health technology assessment， and other disciplines， the multi-criteria decision analysis model （MCDA） and CSC 2.0 software were used. The six dimensions of safety， effectiveness， economy， innovation， suitability， and accessibility of drugs， as well as traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） characteristics， were comprehensively evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively. ResultIn terms of safety， based on the spontaneous reporting system （SRS） of the National Center for ADR Monitoring， safety literature analysis， pharmacological and toxicological experiment report， and other evidence， the safety grade of Qianlieping capsules was evaluated as grade A， with good safety. In terms of effectiveness， based on the results of pharmacological and pharmacodynamic studies and Meta-analysis， and combined with the value and quality of the evidence for efficacy， the final efficacy grade of Qianlieping capsules was rated as B. In terms of economy， Qianlieping capsules was a class B drug of national medical insurance. Compared with those of similar Chinese patent medicines， the average daily cost of Qianlieping capsules was moderate， and there was no related cost increase during the administration process. Economic research showed that Qianlieping capsules combined with α-receptor blockers were more economical than α-receptor blockers alone. Based on the quality evaluation of economic evidence and the value evaluation of economic evidence， the economic grade of Qianlieping capsules was rated as B. In terms of innovation， Qianlieping capsules were a combination of cold and warm drugs， focusing on clearing heat， detoxifying， removing blood stasis， and relieving pain， with non-toxic medicinal materials. They obtained a number of invention patents. The enterprise service system was perfect， and the quality standard was higher than the international and Chinese standards. The innovation grade of Qianlieping capsules was rated as B. In terms of suitability， the results of the questionnaire survey showed that it had relatively good suitability for clinicians， nurses， pharmacists， and patients who used Qianlieping capsules. The information on Chinese patent medicines was complete and met the requirements of national standards. The suitability grade of Qianlieping capsules was rated as A. In terms of accessibility， Qianlieping capsules were moderately priced and affordable， with sufficient resources of medicinal materials， no shortage of medicinal materials， and good availability. The accessibility grade of Qianlieping capsules was rated as B. In terms of TCM medicine characteristics， the prescription of Qianlieping capsules was derived from Danshen Huoxue Decoction. The original prescription was used for the treatment of chronic prostatitis with blood stasis syndrome. The whole formula was recorded in The Complete Compendium of Fine Formulas （《良方大全》） published by Beijing Publishing Group Co.， Ltd. in 1991 and has been used for more than 30 years. The formula was a combination of warm and cold drugs， attacking pathogens without hurting healthy Qi. The grade of TCM characteristics of Qianlieping capsules was rated as B. ConclusionBased on the above "6+1" dimensions， the comprehensive evaluation result of Qianlieping capsules in the treatment of chronic prostatitis with damp-heat and blood stasis syndrome is grade B， and it is recommended to convert it into the relevant policy results of basic clinical drug management according to the conditions.

Opportunities, challenges and suggestions for the development of plastic degradation and recycling under the context of circular bioeconomy / 生物工程学报

At present, the negative impact caused by white pollution has spread to all aspects of human society economy, ecosystem, and health, which causes severe challenges for developing the circular bioeconomy. As the largest plastic production and consumption country in the world, China has shouldered an important responsibility in plastic pollution control. In this context, this paper analyzed the relevant strategies of plastic degradation and recycling in the United States, Europe, Japan and China, measured the literature and patents in this field, analyzed the status quo of technology from the perspective of research and development trends, major countries, major institutions, and discussed the opportunities and challenges faced by the development of plastic degradation and recycling in China. Finally, we put forward future development suggestions which include the integration of policy system, technology path, industry development and public cognition.

Feminidades y masculinidades relacionadas con el tráfico de drogas en Sonora, México / Femininities and masculinities related to drug trafficking in Sonora, Mexico / Femininidades e masculinidades relacionadas ao tráfico de drogas em Sonora, México

Este estudio busca describir elementos de masculinidad y feminidad relacionados en el ingreso y el accionar en una actividad delictiva de alto impacto: el tráfico de drogas. Respetando una metodología cualitativa, se utilizó una entrevista semiestructurada a un grupo de personas que se dedicaron al tráfico de drogas en el estado de Sonora, México, dos mujeres y siete hombres, para explorar elementos de feminidad y masculinidad relacionados con el ingreso al tráfico de drogas en cuatro dimensiones: poder, economía, estética y cuerpo. Se muestra que los analizados buscan en el tráfico cumplir con modelos impuestos socialmente en función de su género; existen también diferenciaciones que sugieren una revalorización en sus maneras de ejercer el poder, sus metas económicas y el uso del cuerpo para obtener cuotas de poder.

This study seeks to describe elements of masculinity and femininity related to entering and acting in a high-impact criminal activity: drug trafficking. Following a qualitative methodology, a semi-structured interview was used with a group of people involved in drug trafficking in the state of Sonora, Mexico, two women and seven men, to explore elements of femininity and masculinity related to entering drug tra-fficking in four dimensions: power, economy, aesthetics and body. It is shown that those analyzed seek in trafficking to comply with socially imposed models based on their gender; there are also differentiations that suggest a revaluation in their ways of exercising power, their economic goals and the use of the body to obtain power quotas.

Este estudo procura descrever elementos de masculinidade e feminilidade relacionados à entrada e operação em uma atividade criminosa de alto impacto: o tráfico de drogas. Seguindo uma metodologia qualitativa, foi utilizada uma entrevista semi-estruturada com um grupo de pessoas envolvidas no tráfico de drogas no estado de Sonora, México, duas mulheres e sete homens, para explorar elementos de feminilidade e masculinidade relacionados ao ingresso no tráfico de drogas em quatro dimensões: poder, economia, estética e corpo. Mostra-se que os analisados procuram no tráfico cumprir modelos socialmente impostos com base em seu gênero; há também diferenciações que sugerem uma revalorização em suas formas de exercer o poder, seus objetivos econômicos e o uso do órgão para obter cotas de poder.

Origens e atualidade da teoria marxista da dependência / Origins and present of the marxist dependency theory

Resumo: O objetivo deste artigo é resgatar as origens históricas e teóricas da teoria marxista da dependência, apontando a estrutura teórica central do que condiciona uma economia dependente. Em seguida, apresentam-se algumas respostas às principais críticas feitas a essa teoria, bem como argumenta-se sobre o que deveria ser um resgate crítico em relação a ela na atualidade.

Abstract: This paper aims to rescue the historical and theoretical origins of the marxista theory of dependency, pointing out the central theoretical structure that determines a dependente economy. Then, some responses to the main criticisms made to this theory are presented, as well as an argument for what should be a critical rescue of it for today.

Geração de renda para população em situação de rua: relato de experiência / Income generation for homeless people: an experience report / Generación de ingresos para la población en situación de calle: reporte de experiencia

Uma das demandas centrais das pessoas em situação de rua é a dificuldade de acesso a trabalho e renda, o que tanto pode levá-las a essa circunstância como dificultar sua saída das ruas. Nessa direção, em parceria com o Movimento Nacional da População em Situação de Rua em Natal, Rio Grande do Norte (MNPR/RN), Brasil, realizamos projeto de extensão com os objetivos de fortalecer as ações de geração de renda para os militantes do referido movimento e para o movimento em si e de promover a organização coletiva e política dos militantes do MNPR/RN em torno da pauta trabalho. Baseamo-nos na Economia Solidária para elaborar ações de geração de renda e fortalecimento político, e na Psicologia Social do Trabalho para informar sobre as intervenções realizadas pela equipe extensionista. Como estratégia de ação, foram realizados cinco bazares solidários em 2019, os quais envolveram militantes do MNPR/RN e extensionistas em reuniões preparatórias, arrecadação de materiais e efetivação dos bazares. Avaliou-se que os bazares foram uma ótima estratégia para a arrecadação de fundos para o movimento e a geração de renda imediata para os militantes envolvidos, mas que não garantiram a médio e longo prazo a renda dessas pessoas. Também possibilitaram o fortalecimento da autonomia, da participação ativa como trabalhadores e trabalhadoras e do aprendizado mútuo sobre princípios da Economia Solidária.(AU)

One of the main demands of people living on the streets is the difficulty in accessing work and income, which can either lead them to this circumstance or make it difficult for them to leave the streets. In this direction, in partnership with the National Movement of Homeless Population in Natal, in the state of Rio Grande do Norte (Movimento Nacional População de Rua - MNPR/RN), we carried out an extension project with the objectives of strengthening the actions to generate income for the militants of the referred movement and for the movement itself and to promote the collective and political organization of the MNPR/RN militants around the work agenda. We start with the Solidarity Economy for the elaboration of actions to generate income and political strengthening, and from the Social Psychology of Work to inform about the interventions carried out by the extension team. As an action strategy, five solidarity bazaars were held in 2019, involving MNPR/RN militants and extension workers in preparatory meetings, collection of materials, and holding the bazaars. The bazaars were considered an excellent strategy for raising funds for the movement and generating immediate income for the activists involved, but that they could not guarantee the income of these people in the medium and long term. It also allowed for the strengthening of autonomy, active participation as a female or male worker, and mutual learning on the principles of Solidarity Economy.(AU)

Una de las principales demandas de las personas en situación de calle es la dificultad para acceder al trabajo y a los ingresos, lo que puede llevarlos a esta situación o dificultarles su salida de la calle. En este sentido, en colaboración con el Movimiento Nacional de Población en Situación de Calle en Natal/RN (MNPR/RN), realizamos un proyecto de extensión con los objetivos de fortalecer las acciones de generación de ingresos para los activistas del referido movimiento y para el movimiento en sí y de promover la organización colectiva y política de los activistas del MNPR/RN en torno a las normas del trabajo. Partimos de la economía solidaria para desarrollar acciones de generación de ingresos y de fortalecimiento político, y desde la Psicología Social del Trabajo para informar de las intervenciones que realiza el equipo de extensión. Como estrategia de acción, en el 2019 se realizaron cinco ferias solidarias, en las cuales participaron activistas y grupos de extensión del MNPR/RN en reuniones preparatorias, recolección de materiales y realización de las ferias. Se consideró que las ferias son una excelente estrategia para recaudar fondos para el movimiento y generar ingresos inmediatos para los activistas involucrados, pero no pueden garantizar los ingresos de estas personas a mediano y largo plazo. También permiten fortalecer la autonomía, la participación activa como trabajador y trabajadora, y el aprendizaje mutuo sobre los principios de la economía solidaria.(AU)

A economia criativa enquanto prática de espaço no contexto das cidades criativas do sul global: o caso do Poço da Draga / La economía creativa como práctica espacial en el contexto de las ciudades creativas del sur global: el caso de Poço da Draga / Creative economy as a space practice in the context of creative cities of the global south: the case of Poço da Draga

Resumo Em 2019, Fortaleza, capital do Ceará, recebeu a chancela da Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura (UNESCO) de cidade criativa do design. Com isso, a prefeitura vem atuando na organização de um distrito criativo entre os espaços de dois bairros contíguos. Nas margens urbanas que circundam esses espaços está situada a comunidade Poço da Draga, que vem organizando um conjunto de ações em prol da economia criativa. Este estudo propõe uma discussão sobre a economia criativa como prática, lançando luzes sobre perspectivas críticas alternativas de análise de políticas públicas relacionadas à organização de distritos criativos em cidades do Sul global. Para isso, considerou-se o conceito de "prática do espaço" como retórica ambulante, um modo de ser e fazer de quem habita a cidade. O objetivo é discutir como a economia criativa pode atuar como prática de espaço. A metodologia de natureza qualitativa envolveu levantamentos bibliográficos e documentais, complementados por entrevistas e procedimentos de observação nos espaços sob estudo. A análise se baseou no exame temático das práticas de espaço identificadas à luz do objetivo da pesquisa. Os principais resultados evidenciam um conjunto de práticas de espaço, emancipatórias e de resistência perpassadas pela criatividade, colocadas em ato pelos habitantes da comunidade do Poço da Draga. Sugere-se que as políticas públicas para as cidades criativas do Sul global considerem os "fazeres" potenciais de seus habitantes, visando à organização das práticas de espaços urbanos marginalizados.

Resumen En 2019, la ciudad de Fortaleza, capital del estado de Ceará, recibió el sello de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO) como ciudad creativa del diseño. Con eso, la municipalidad de Fortaleza viene trabajando para organizar un distrito creativo en los espacios colindantes de dos barrios. En los márgenes urbanos que rodean estos espacios se ubica la comunidad de Poço da Draga que viene organizando un conjunto de acciones a favor de la economía creativa. Este estudio propone una discusión sobre la economía creativa como práctica, arrojando luz sobre perspectivas críticas alternativas para el análisis de políticas públicas relacionadas con la organización de distritos creativos en las ciudades del sur global. Se consideró el concepto de "práctica de espacio" como retórica ambulante, una forma de ser y hacer de quien vive en la ciudad. El objetivo fue discutir cómo la economía creativa puede actuar como una práctica de espacio. La metodología cualitativa y exploratoria implicó levantamientos bibliográficos y documentales, complementados con entrevistas y procedimientos de observación en los espacios en estudio. El análisis se basó en el examen temático de las prácticas de espacio identificadas a la luz del objetivo de la investigación. Los principales resultados mostraron un conjunto de prácticas de espacio, emancipadoras y de resistencia permeadas por la creatividad, puestas en acción por los habitantes de la comunidad de Poço da Draga. Se sugiere que las políticas públicas para las ciudades creativas del sur global consideren los "haceres" potenciales de sus habitantes, con el objetivo de organizar prácticas en espacios urbanos marginados.

Abstract In 2019, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) recognized the capital of the Brazilian state of Ceará, Fortaleza, as a creative city of design. Since then, Fortaleza has been working to organize a Creative District between the spaces of two contiguous neighborhoods. On the urban margins surrounding these spaces is located the Poço da Draga community, which has been organizing a set of actions in favor of the creative economy. This study proposes a discussion about the creative economy as a practice, shedding light on alternative critical perspectives for analyzing public policies related to the organization of creative districts in cities of the global south. The concept of "practice of space" was considered as walking rhetoric, a way of being and doing for those living in the city. The objective was to discuss how the creative economy can act as a practice of space. The qualitative and exploratory methodology involved bibliographical and documentary surveys, complemented by interviews and observation procedures in the spaces under study. The analysis was based on the thematic examination of the identified practices of space, considering the research objective. The main results showed a set of practices of space, emancipatory and resistance permeated by creativity, put into action by the inhabitants of Poço da Draga. It is suggested that public policies for creative cities in the global south consider the potential "doings" of their inhabitants, aiming at organizing practices in marginalized urban spaces.

O trabalho na história de vida de mulheres egressas de um projeto em Economia Solidária / Work in the life story of women who left a project in Solidarity Economy

Este artigo tem como objetivo compreender os sentidos atribuídos ao processo de incubação realizado por mulheres egressas de um projeto em economia solidária em uma Incubadora de Empreendimentos Solidários, a partir de suas trajetórias de vida e de trabalho delas. Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa exploratória, realizada através das ferramentas de história de vida e grupo de discussão, utilizando-se da análise de núcleos de significação. São mulheres diversas, que lutam pelo seu sustento e não conseguem se definir dissociadas do trabalho, sendo a maioria delas as responsáveis por atividades dentro e fora da esfera do lar. As histórias contadas revelaram que, mesmo que essas mulheres trabalhadoras não tenham alcançado um entendimento total da economia solidária enquanto modelo produtivo, as experiências vivenciadas no processo de incubação foram formativas

This study aims to understand the meanings women who graduated from a project in solidarity economy attributed to the incubation process in an Incubator of Solidarity Enterprises based on their life and work trajectories. This is exploratory qualitative research, conducted with four female workers who left a solidary enterprise, used the tools of life history, discussion group, and analysis of meaning cores. These diverse women fight for their livelihood and are unable to define themselves as dissociated from work since most are responsible for activities inside and outside their homes. Their stories showed that, even though these working women were unable to fully understand the solidarity economy as a productive model, they had formative experiences in the incubation process

Saúde sem colarinhos: desafios da saúde ocupacional no advento do pós-Fordismo / No collar health: occupational health challenges with the advent of post-Fordism

Resumo Introdução: o termo pós-Fordismo refere-se a um modelo de organização laboral de acordo com a evolução dos meios de produção na segunda metade do século XX. Fruto das alterações substanciais dos mecanismos de regulação e contratação, este modelo prioriza a flexibilização e fragmentação da relação com o trabalhador. Com o advento informático, o pós-Fordismo ganha novos moldes e hiperboliza-se com as economias de plataforma em linha e a chamada uberização do trabalho. Objetivo: analisar criticamente as características do modelo pós-fordista e seus impactos à saúde ocupacional. Métodos: foi realizada uma revisão narrativa da literatura. Resultados: apontam-se para três aspectos do modelo pós-Fordista: 1) instabilidade laboral; 2) sobrecarga laboral; e 3) demanda psicossocial. Esses determinantes têm sido fortemente associados a maus resultados em saúde, sobretudo mental. Conclusões: as mudanças na conceptualização do trabalhador e do lugar do trabalho na vida do indivíduo exigem novas formas de pensar a saúde ocupacional. Para mitigar as consequências do pós-Fordismo, é necessária uma clara percepção das suas dinâmicas e uma mobilização de esforços multissetoriais.

Abstract Introduction: the term post-Fordism refers to the evolution of labour organization according to the new production models that emerged in the second half of the 20th century. As a result of substantial changes in the mechanisms of regulation and contracting, they prioritize the flexibilization and fragmentation of the employer-employee relationship. With the advent of information technology, post-Fordism gained new moulds and became hyperbolized with the online platform economies and the so-called uberization of work. Objectives: to critically analyse the characteristics of the post-Fordist model and its impacts in occupational health. Methods: this research was carried out with a review of the literature. Results: we point to three aspects of the post-Fordist model: 1) work instability; 2) work overload; and 3) psychosocial demand. The impact of these aspects, determinant on labour activities, have strong associations with bad health outcomes, especially in mental health. Conclusions: these changes in the conceptualization of workers and the place of work in their lives require new ways of thinking about occupational health. A clear perception of its dynamics, and a mobilization of multisectoral efforts, is needed to mitigate the consequences of this model.

Current Status and Reflections on the Development of Internet Traditional Chinese Medical Service under the Digital Economy / 中医杂志

In the context of the digital economy， the operational relationship between traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and Internet healthcare organizations as well as related governance institutions has attracted much attention. As the market scale of the Internet healthcare has continued to grow in recent years， the quality of Internet TCM healthcare has also been improved. By analyzing the development status of Internet TCM healthcare， it is proposed that Internet TCM health service should seize the opportunities and challenges in future， promote the growth of market scale from varied aspects， enhance patient-centered care awareness， and strengthen the promotion and popularization of digital services， thereby promoting the high-quality development of Internet TCM health service in the context of the digital economy.

Rapid health technology assessment of baloxavir marboxil in the treatment of influenza / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness， safety and economy of baloxavir marboxil in the treatment of influenza， and to provide evidence-based reference for the introduction of new drugs in hospitals and clinical medication decisions. METHODS Retrieved from PubMed， Embase， Web of Science， Cochrane Library， Epistemonikos， CBM， CNKI， VIP， Wanfang database， official websites and relevant databases of health technology assessment （HTA） institutions， the results of the included studies were descriptively analyzed after literature screening， data extraction and quality evaluation. RESULTS A total of 11 studies were included， involving 6 systematic reviews/meta-analyses and 5 pharmacoeconomic studies. Compared with placebo， baloxavir marboxil significantly shortened the time to alleviation of symptoms （TTAS） and time to resolution of fever （TTRF）， reduced the virus titer change from baseline at 24 h and 48 h after treatment and the incidence of bronchitis， with statistical significance （P＜ 0.05）. Compared with neuraminidase inhibitors （NAIs）， there were no significant differences in shortening TTRF and reducing the incidence of complications， pneumonia and bronchitis （P＞0.05）. The majority of studies suggested that there were no significant differences in shortening TTAS （P＞0.05）. Only very low-quality literature suggested that baloxavir marboxil could significantly reduce the virus titer change from baseline at 24 h and 48 h after treatment. In terms of safety， the incidences of adverse events （AEs） and drug-related adverse events （DRAEs） induced by baloxavir marboxil showed no significant differences， compared with peramivir and zanamivir （P＞0.05）. Some studies considered that the incidences of AEs and DRAEs with baloxavir marboxil were lower than placebo， oseltamivir and laninamivir. Compared with oseltamivir in China and laninamivir in Japan， baloxavir marboxil showed cost-effectiveness advantages. CONCLUSIONS Compared with placebo， baloxavir marboxil has good efficacy， safety and economy. Compared with NAIs （oseltamivir）， baloxavir marboxil has good economic advantages in China， but further high-quality studies are still needed regarding its safety and efficacy.

AN INFLATION CONCERNS IN THE INDIAN ECONOMY

In?ation is a burning problem that is hampering the country's economic growth. Economists, Politicians, and even people are getting busy. It is very dangerous because it directly affects people's living standards. The responsibility of governments, politicians, and economists is to protect the common man from in?ation. Statistical data show that India's in?ation rate is high, especially for food. The cause could be the supply/demand side that reduces people's purchasing power and also affects people's savings. This paper uses the statistics given to describe agricultural productivity and sophisticated retail techniques and reforms that help protect people from in?ation. Government policies such as monetary and industrial policies should prepare India for lower in?ation

La Economia Colaborativa: propuesta de bases conceptuales para su estudio / The Sharing Economy: a proposal of conceptual basis for its study / A Economia Colaborativa: uma proposta de base conceptual para o seu estudo

RESUMEN En este documento se presentan las bases conceptuales para el estudio de la Economia Colaborativa. Se plantean las diferencias entre las modalidades de intercambio econômico emergentes a partir de la mediación tecnológica, tales como la economia de conciertos y la economia digital. Para esto, se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica a partir de la metodologia de revision sistemática de literatura para ciencias sociales y económicas en Scopus, WoS y Redalyc en el periodo 2008-2019. Este ejercicio permitió ubicar a la economia colaborativa como una nueva institución económica que posee cuatro subsectores: consumo, producción, educación y finanzas. La economía colaborativa se distingue por las soluciones particulares, la forma de solucionar las necesidades de las personas y en la creación de comunidad. El documento concluye que a) es importante que la academia y los estados miren con detenimiento las diferencias entre las modalidades estudiadas y b) la economia colaborativa es un mecanismo para el cambio social.

ABSTRACT This paper presents the conceptual bases for the study of the Sharing Economy. The differences between the modalities of economic exchange emerging from technological mediation, such as the gig economy and the digital economy are presented. For this purpose, a literature search was conducted using the systematic literature review methodology for social sciences and economics in Scopus, WoS and Redalyc in the period 2008-2019. This exercise allowed us to locate the Sharing Economy as a new economic institution with four subsectors: consumption, production, education and finance. The Sharing Economy is distinguished by particular solutions, the way of solving people's needs and in the creation of community. The document concludes that a) it is important for academia and states to look carefully at the differences between the modalities studied and b) the collaborative economy is a mechanism for social change.

RESUMO Este documento apresenta a base conceitual para o estudo da Economia Colaborativa. As diferenças entre os modos emergentes de intercâmbio econômico através da mediação tecnológica, como a economia gig e a economia digital, são discutidas. Para este fim, foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica utilizando a metodologia de revisão sistemática de literatura para ciências sociais e economia em Scopus, WoS e Redalyc no periodo 2008-2019. Este exercício nos permitiu identificar a economia colaborativa como uma nova instituição econômica com quatro sub-setores: consumo, produção, educação e finanças. A economia colaborativa se distingue por soluções particulares na forma como as necessidades das pessoas são resolvidas e na criação de comunidade. O documento conclui que a) é importante para o meio acadêmico e os estados examinar de perto as diferenças entre as modalidades estudadas e b) a economia colaborativa é um mecanismo de mudança social.